It took us a while to grasp the intricacies of blood, but today, we know that this life-sustaining substance consists of: In 1909, he classified the A, B, AB, and O blood groups, and for his work he received the 1930 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Exploring the work of Leonard Landois - the physiologist who showed that when the red blood cells of one animal are introduced to a different animal’s, they clump together - Landsteiner thought a similar reaction may occur in intra-human transfusions, which would explain why transfusion success was so spotty. In 1901 he began his work to classify blood groups. But even with a proven technique in place, in the following decades many blood-transfusion patients continued to die mysteriously.Įnter Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner. ![]() The first successful human-to-human transfusion wouldn’t be performed until 1818, when British obstetrician James Blundell managed it to treat postpartum hemorrhage. The death of human patients ultimately led to the practice being outlawed. Lower’s operation was between dogs, and his success prompted physicians like Jean-Baptiste Denis to try to transfuse blood from animals to humans, a process called xenotransfusion. Soon after Harvey’s discovery, the earliest blood transfusions were attempted, but it wasn’t until 1665 that first successful transfusion was performed by British physician Richard Lower. While bloodletting remained common until well into the 19th century, William Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of blood in 1628 would put medicine on its path to modern hematology. Blood’s relation to heat also made it a go-to for fever reduction. Sporting a “when in doubt, let it out” mentality, Galen declared blood the dominant humor, and bloodletting an excellent way to balance the body. Most famously, Galen of Pergamum used it as the basis for his prescription of bloodletting. Humorism lead to all sorts of poor medical advice. Teenagers were considered to have a natural abundance of blood, and men had more than women. The more blood people had in their systems, the more passionate, charismatic, and impulsive they would be. Blood was considered hot and moist, resulting in a sanguine temperament. Someone who is Rh negative should also receive Rh negative blood.Handed down from ancient Greek physicians, humorism stated that these bodily fluids determined someone’s personality. Receiving blood from the wrong group can cause the recipient to die as a result of the body generating life-threatening antibodies. In contrast, AB carriers can donate to few people, but they can receive blood from anyone, providing the Rh factor is correct. However, this also means O carriers can only receive O blood. ![]() As O features neither A nor B antigens, it can be donated to anyone. ![]() ![]() The type of blood a person has determines what type of blood they can receive and who they can donate to. Around 85 percent are Rh positive, and 15 percent are Rh negative. A further 42 percent have A, 10 percent have B and 4 percent have AB. In the U.K., the most common blood group is O positive, with 44 percent of people carrying it. In addition, people are either Rh negative or Rh positive, this means there are eight blood types present in the population: There are four primary blood groups: O, A, B and AB.
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